Hands-on Exercise 4: 1st Order Spatial Point Patterns Analysis Methods

Importing Packages

pacman::p_load(maptools, sf, raster, spatstat, tmap)

Reading Data

childcare_sf <- st_read("data/child-care-services-geojson.geojson") %>%
  st_transform(crs = 3414)
Reading layer `child-care-services-geojson' from data source 
  `C:\celinderr\IS415-GAA\Hands-on_Ex\Hands-on_Ex04\data\child-care-services-geojson.geojson' 
  using driver `GeoJSON'
Simple feature collection with 1545 features and 2 fields
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XYZ
Bounding box:  xmin: 103.6824 ymin: 1.248403 xmax: 103.9897 ymax: 1.462134
z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
Geodetic CRS:  WGS 84
sg_sf <- st_read(dsn = "data", layer="CostalOutline")
Reading layer `CostalOutline' from data source 
  `C:\celinderr\IS415-GAA\Hands-on_Ex\Hands-on_Ex04\data' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
Simple feature collection with 60 features and 4 fields
Geometry type: POLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 2663.926 ymin: 16357.98 xmax: 56047.79 ymax: 50244.03
Projected CRS: SVY21
mpsz_sf <- st_read(dsn = "data", 
                layer = "MP14_SUBZONE_WEB_PL")
Reading layer `MP14_SUBZONE_WEB_PL' from data source 
  `C:\celinderr\IS415-GAA\Hands-on_Ex\Hands-on_Ex04\data' using driver `ESRI Shapefile'
Simple feature collection with 323 features and 15 fields
Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 2667.538 ymin: 15748.72 xmax: 56396.44 ymax: 50256.33
Projected CRS: SVY21
childcare_sf
Simple feature collection with 1545 features and 2 fields
Geometry type: POINT
Dimension:     XYZ
Bounding box:  xmin: 11203.01 ymin: 25667.6 xmax: 45404.24 ymax: 49300.88
z_range:       zmin: 0 zmax: 0
Projected CRS: SVY21 / Singapore TM
First 10 features:
     Name
1   kml_1
2   kml_2
3   kml_3
4   kml_4
5   kml_5
6   kml_6
7   kml_7
8   kml_8
9   kml_9
10 kml_10
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Description
1                     <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>760742</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>742, YISHUN AVENUE 5, #01 - 470, SINGAPORE 760742</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>AVERBEL CHILD DEVELOPMENT CENTRE PTE LTD</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>AEA27114446235CE</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
2                                                        <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>159053</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>20, LENGKOK BAHRU, #02 - 05, SINGAPORE 159053</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>AWWA LTD.</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>86B24416FB1663C6</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
3                            <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>556912</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>22, LI HWAN VIEW, GOLDEN HILL ESTATE, SINGAPORE 556912</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BABIES BY-THE-PARK PTE. LTD.</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>F971CBBA973E1AE5</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
4                     <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>569139</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>3, ANG MO KIO STREET 62, #01 - 36, LINK@AMK, SINGAPORE 569139</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>Baby Elk Infant Care Pte Ltd</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>86A4F25D1C7C9D85</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
5                                               <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>467961</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>22A, KEW DRIVE, SINGAPORE 467961</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BABYPLANET MONTESSORI PTE. LTD.</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>CFE3F056F8171C7B</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
6                                           <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>598523</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>3 Jalan Kakatua, JURONG PARK, SINGAPORE 598523</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BAMBINI CHILDCARE LLP</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>2B4F0B285ED28C4A</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
7                              <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>160131</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>131, JALAN BUKIT MERAH, #01 - 1591, SINGAPORE 160131</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BAMBINI MONTESSORI PTE. LTD.</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>F62A225197813BBD</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
8                        <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>543319</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>319C, ANCHORVALE DRIVE, #01 - 66, SINGAPORE 543319</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BERRY TREE PRESCHOOL PRIVATE LIMITED</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>AE242159867D5EB2</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
9  <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>750511</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>511, CANBERRA ROAD, #03 - 02, SEMBAWANG MART, SINGAPORE 750511</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BERRY TREE PRESCHOOL@SEMBAWANG PRIVATE LIMITED</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>C1456F97A17ED64A</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
10                    <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>823195</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>195C, PUNGGOL ROAD, #01 - 532, THE PERIWINKLE, SINGAPORE 823195</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>BERRY TREE@PUNGGOL PTE LTD</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>4F6A8FCA467C3437</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center>
                        geometry
1   POINT Z (27976.73 45716.7 0)
2     POINT Z (25824 29900.09 0)
3  POINT Z (31399.04 37416.36 0)
4   POINT Z (29268.43 40942.1 0)
5  POINT Z (41217.74 33554.94 0)
6  POINT Z (20644.07 36118.78 0)
7  POINT Z (27427.95 29182.36 0)
8  POINT Z (34378.47 41423.03 0)
9  POINT Z (26467.04 48384.34 0)
10 POINT Z (36173.81 42550.33 0)
sg_sf
Simple feature collection with 60 features and 4 fields
Geometry type: POLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 2663.926 ymin: 16357.98 xmax: 56047.79 ymax: 50244.03
Projected CRS: SVY21
First 10 features:
   GDO_GID MSLINK MAPID              COSTAL_NAM                       geometry
1        1      1     0                 Linkway POLYGON ((14362.86 32307.49...
2        2      3     0                 SENTOSA POLYGON ((25683.97 26236.91...
3        3      5     0          PULAU SARIMBUN POLYGON ((11471.97 46273.01...
4        4      6     0           PULAU SAMULUN POLYGON ((12602.3 32061.35,...
5        5      7     0 SINGAPORE - MAIN ISLAND POLYGON ((17915.53 46770.73...
6        6      8     0            PULAU KEPPEL POLYGON ((25606.84 27481.21...
7        7      9     0             PULAU BRANI POLYGON ((27778.17 27321.28...
8        8     10     0                   ISLET POLYGON ((25874.11 26121.48...
9        9     11     0           PULAU PALAWAN POLYGON ((25937.33 25797.66...
10      10     12     0                   ISLET POLYGON ((27459.33 24854.08...
mpsz_sf
Simple feature collection with 323 features and 15 fields
Geometry type: MULTIPOLYGON
Dimension:     XY
Bounding box:  xmin: 2667.538 ymin: 15748.72 xmax: 56396.44 ymax: 50256.33
Projected CRS: SVY21
First 10 features:
   OBJECTID SUBZONE_NO       SUBZONE_N SUBZONE_C CA_IND      PLN_AREA_N
1         1          1    MARINA SOUTH    MSSZ01      Y    MARINA SOUTH
2         2          1    PEARL'S HILL    OTSZ01      Y          OUTRAM
3         3          3       BOAT QUAY    SRSZ03      Y SINGAPORE RIVER
4         4          8  HENDERSON HILL    BMSZ08      N     BUKIT MERAH
5         5          3         REDHILL    BMSZ03      N     BUKIT MERAH
6         6          7  ALEXANDRA HILL    BMSZ07      N     BUKIT MERAH
7         7          9   BUKIT HO SWEE    BMSZ09      N     BUKIT MERAH
8         8          2     CLARKE QUAY    SRSZ02      Y SINGAPORE RIVER
9         9         13 PASIR PANJANG 1    QTSZ13      N      QUEENSTOWN
10       10          7       QUEENSWAY    QTSZ07      N      QUEENSTOWN
   PLN_AREA_C       REGION_N REGION_C          INC_CRC FMEL_UPD_D   X_ADDR
1          MS CENTRAL REGION       CR 5ED7EB253F99252E 2014-12-05 31595.84
2          OT CENTRAL REGION       CR 8C7149B9EB32EEFC 2014-12-05 28679.06
3          SR CENTRAL REGION       CR C35FEFF02B13E0E5 2014-12-05 29654.96
4          BM CENTRAL REGION       CR 3775D82C5DDBEFBD 2014-12-05 26782.83
5          BM CENTRAL REGION       CR 85D9ABEF0A40678F 2014-12-05 26201.96
6          BM CENTRAL REGION       CR 9D286521EF5E3B59 2014-12-05 25358.82
7          BM CENTRAL REGION       CR 7839A8577144EFE2 2014-12-05 27680.06
8          SR CENTRAL REGION       CR 48661DC0FBA09F7A 2014-12-05 29253.21
9          QT CENTRAL REGION       CR 1F721290C421BFAB 2014-12-05 22077.34
10         QT CENTRAL REGION       CR 3580D2AFFBEE914C 2014-12-05 24168.31
     Y_ADDR SHAPE_Leng SHAPE_Area                       geometry
1  29220.19   5267.381  1630379.3 MULTIPOLYGON (((31495.56 30...
2  29782.05   3506.107   559816.2 MULTIPOLYGON (((29092.28 30...
3  29974.66   1740.926   160807.5 MULTIPOLYGON (((29932.33 29...
4  29933.77   3313.625   595428.9 MULTIPOLYGON (((27131.28 30...
5  30005.70   2825.594   387429.4 MULTIPOLYGON (((26451.03 30...
6  29991.38   4428.913  1030378.8 MULTIPOLYGON (((25899.7 297...
7  30230.86   3275.312   551732.0 MULTIPOLYGON (((27746.95 30...
8  30222.86   2208.619   290184.7 MULTIPOLYGON (((29351.26 29...
9  29893.78   6571.323  1084792.3 MULTIPOLYGON (((20996.49 30...
10 30104.18   3454.239   631644.3 MULTIPOLYGON (((24472.11 29...

These geospatial data uses an SVY21 projection system.

Alternatively, a pin map could also be created.

tmap_mode('view')
tmap mode set to interactive viewing
tm_shape(childcare_sf)+
  tm_dots()
tmap_mode('plot')
tmap mode set to plotting

Geospatial Data Wrangling

Learning to convert simple feature )sf.data frame to sp’s Spatial* Class

as_Spatial() of sf package (to convert three geospatial data from simple feature data frame to sp’s Spatial* class)

childcare <- as_Spatial(childcare_sf)
mpsz <- as_Spatial(mpsz_sf)
sg <- as_Spatial(sg_sf)

Display information

childcare
class       : SpatialPointsDataFrame 
features    : 1545 
extent      : 11203.01, 45404.24, 25667.6, 49300.88  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs 
variables   : 2
names       :    Name,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Description 
min values  :   kml_1, <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>018989</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>1, MARINA BOULEVARD, #B1 - 01, ONE MARINA BOULEVARD, SINGAPORE 018989</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>THE LITTLE SKOOL-HOUSE INTERNATIONAL PTE. LTD.</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>08F73931F4A691F4</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center> 
max values  : kml_999,                  <center><table><tr><th colspan='2' align='center'><em>Attributes</em></th></tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSBLOCKHOUSENUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSBUILDINGNAME</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSPOSTALCODE</th> <td>829646</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSSTREETNAME</th> <td>200, PONGGOL SEVENTEENTH AVENUE, SINGAPORE 829646</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSTYPE</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>DESCRIPTION</th> <td>Child Care Services</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>HYPERLINK</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>LANDXADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>LANDYADDRESSPOINT</th> <td>0</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>NAME</th> <td>RAFFLES KIDZ @ PUNGGOL PTE LTD</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>PHOTOURL</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>ADDRESSFLOORNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>INC_CRC</th> <td>379D017BF244B0FA</td> </tr><tr bgcolor=""> <th>FMEL_UPD_D</th> <td>20200826094036</td> </tr><tr bgcolor="#E3E3F3"> <th>ADDRESSUNITNUMBER</th> <td></td> </tr></table></center> 
mpsz
class       : SpatialPolygonsDataFrame 
features    : 323 
extent      : 2667.538, 56396.44, 15748.72, 50256.33  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
variables   : 15
names       : OBJECTID, SUBZONE_NO, SUBZONE_N, SUBZONE_C, CA_IND, PLN_AREA_N, PLN_AREA_C,       REGION_N, REGION_C,          INC_CRC, FMEL_UPD_D,     X_ADDR,     Y_ADDR,    SHAPE_Leng,    SHAPE_Area 
min values  :        1,          1, ADMIRALTY,    AMSZ01,      N, ANG MO KIO,         AM, CENTRAL REGION,       CR, 00F5E30B5C9B7AD8,      16409,  5092.8949,  19579.069, 871.554887798, 39437.9352703 
max values  :      323,         17,    YUNNAN,    YSSZ09,      Y,     YISHUN,         YS,    WEST REGION,       WR, FFCCF172717C2EAF,      16409, 50424.7923, 49552.7904, 68083.9364708,  69748298.792 
sg
class       : SpatialPolygonsDataFrame 
features    : 60 
extent      : 2663.926, 56047.79, 16357.98, 50244.03  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
variables   : 4
names       : GDO_GID, MSLINK, MAPID,              COSTAL_NAM 
min values  :       1,      1,     0,             ISLAND LINK 
max values  :      60,     67,     0, SINGAPORE - MAIN ISLAND 

Learning to convert sp’s Spatial* Class to generic sp format

spstat requires analytical data in ppp object form

There is no direct way to convert a Spatial* Classes into ppp object.

We need to convert Spatial classes* into Spatial object first.

childcare_sp <- as(childcare, "SpatialPoints")
sg_sp <- as(sg, "SpatialPolygons")
mpsz_sp <- as(mpsz, "SpatialPolygons")

Display the sp objects properties

childcare_sp
class       : SpatialPoints 
features    : 1545 
extent      : 11203.01, 45404.24, 25667.6, 49300.88  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 +units=m +no_defs 
sg_sp
class       : SpatialPolygons 
features    : 60 
extent      : 2663.926, 56047.79, 16357.98, 50244.03  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
mpsz_sp
class       : SpatialPolygons 
features    : 323 
extent      : 2667.538, 56396.44, 15748.72, 50256.33  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs         : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +datum=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 

Learning to convert generic sp format into spatstat’s ppp format

as.ppp() of spatstat (to convert spatial data into spatstat’s ppp object format)

childcare_ppp <- as(childcare_sp, "ppp")
childcare_ppp
Planar point pattern: 1545 points
window: rectangle = [11203.01, 45404.24] x [25667.6, 49300.88] units

Plot and observe difference

plot(childcare_ppp)

summary(childcare_ppp)
Planar point pattern:  1545 points
Average intensity 1.91145e-06 points per square unit

*Pattern contains duplicated points*

Coordinates are given to 3 decimal places
i.e. rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.001 units

Window: rectangle = [11203.01, 45404.24] x [25667.6, 49300.88] units
                    (34200 x 23630 units)
Window area = 808287000 square units

Handling Duplicated Points

Check for duplication

any(duplicated(childcare_ppp))
[1] TRUE

Count number of co-indicence point

multiplicity()

multiplicity(childcare_ppp)
   1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10   11   12   13   14   15   16 
   1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
  17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26   27   28   29   30   31   32 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    9    1    1    1    1    1 
  33   34   35   36   37   38   39   40   41   42   43   44   45   46   47   48 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
  49   50   51   52   53   54   55   56   57   58   59   60   61   62   63   64 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1 
  65   66   67   68   69   70   71   72   73   74   75   76   77   78   79   80 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1 
  81   82   83   84   85   86   87   88   89   90   91   92   93   94   95   96 
   1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
  97   98   99  100  101  102  103  104  105  106  107  108  109  110  111  112 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 113  114  115  116  117  118  119  120  121  122  123  124  125  126  127  128 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    2    1 
 129  130  131  132  133  134  135  136  137  138  139  140  141  142  143  144 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    3    2 
 145  146  147  148  149  150  151  152  153  154  155  156  157  158  159  160 
   1    2    1    1    1    2    2    3    1    5    1    5    1    1    1    2 
 161  162  163  164  165  166  167  168  169  170  171  172  173  174  175  176 
   1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1 
 177  178  179  180  181  182  183  184  185  186  187  188  189  190  191  192 
   1    4    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 193  194  195  196  197  198  199  200  201  202  203  204  205  206  207  208 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    2    1    1    1    1    2    1    4    1    1 
 209  210  211  212  213  214  215  216  217  218  219  220  221  222  223  224 
   2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1 
 225  226  227  228  229  230  231  232  233  234  235  236  237  238  239  240 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 241  242  243  244  245  246  247  248  249  250  251  252  253  254  255  256 
   1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 257  258  259  260  261  262  263  264  265  266  267  268  269  270  271  272 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    3 
 273  274  275  276  277  278  279  280  281  282  283  284  285  286  287  288 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 289  290  291  292  293  294  295  296  297  298  299  300  301  302  303  304 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    9    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
 305  306  307  308  309  310  311  312  313  314  315  316  317  318  319  320 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 321  322  323  324  325  326  327  328  329  330  331  332  333  334  335  336 
   1    1    1    5    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    2    2    1    1 
 337  338  339  340  341  342  343  344  345  346  347  348  349  350  351  352 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    2    1 
 353  354  355  356  357  358  359  360  361  362  363  364  365  366  367  368 
   1    1    1    1    9    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 369  370  371  372  373  374  375  376  377  378  379  380  381  382  383  384 
   1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 385  386  387  388  389  390  391  392  393  394  395  396  397  398  399  400 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 401  402  403  404  405  406  407  408  409  410  411  412  413  414  415  416 
   1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
 417  418  419  420  421  422  423  424  425  426  427  428  429  430  431  432 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
 433  434  435  436  437  438  439  440  441  442  443  444  445  446  447  448 
   1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 449  450  451  452  453  454  455  456  457  458  459  460  461  462  463  464 
   1    1    9    9    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1 
 465  466  467  468  469  470  471  472  473  474  475  476  477  478  479  480 
   2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    2    1    1 
 481  482  483  484  485  486  487  488  489  490  491  492  493  494  495  496 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 497  498  499  500  501  502  503  504  505  506  507  508  509  510  511  512 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2 
 513  514  515  516  517  518  519  520  521  522  523  524  525  526  527  528 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    3    1 
 529  530  531  532  533  534  535  536  537  538  539  540  541  542  543  544 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 545  546  547  548  549  550  551  552  553  554  555  556  557  558  559  560 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 561  562  563  564  565  566  567  568  569  570  571  572  573  574  575  576 
   2    2    2    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    2    1    1    1    2    1 
 577  578  579  580  581  582  583  584  585  586  587  588  589  590  591  592 
   1    2    1    1    1    1    1    9    1    4    1    2    1    1    1    1 
 593  594  595  596  597  598  599  600  601  602  603  604  605  606  607  608 
   2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
 609  610  611  612  613  614  615  616  617  618  619  620  621  622  623  624 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    2    1    1    1    1 
 625  626  627  628  629  630  631  632  633  634  635  636  637  638  639  640 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 641  642  643  644  645  646  647  648  649  650  651  652  653  654  655  656 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    4 
 657  658  659  660  661  662  663  664  665  666  667  668  669  670  671  672 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 673  674  675  676  677  678  679  680  681  682  683  684  685  686  687  688 
   1    1    1    1    1    4    1    1    1    1    1    4    1    1    1    1 
 689  690  691  692  693  694  695  696  697  698  699  700  701  702  703  704 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 705  706  707  708  709  710  711  712  713  714  715  716  717  718  719  720 
   1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 721  722  723  724  725  726  727  728  729  730  731  732  733  734  735  736 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 737  738  739  740  741  742  743  744  745  746  747  748  749  750  751  752 
   1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 753  754  755  756  757  758  759  760  761  762  763  764  765  766  767  768 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 769  770  771  772  773  774  775  776  777  778  779  780  781  782  783  784 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    4    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 785  786  787  788  789  790  791  792  793  794  795  796  797  798  799  800 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 801  802  803  804  805  806  807  808  809  810  811  812  813  814  815  816 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 817  818  819  820  821  822  823  824  825  826  827  828  829  830  831  832 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 833  834  835  836  837  838  839  840  841  842  843  844  845  846  847  848 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 849  850  851  852  853  854  855  856  857  858  859  860  861  862  863  864 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 865  866  867  868  869  870  871  872  873  874  875  876  877  878  879  880 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2 
 881  882  883  884  885  886  887  888  889  890  891  892  893  894  895  896 
   3    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    3    1    1    3    1    1    1    1 
 897  898  899  900  901  902  903  904  905  906  907  908  909  910  911  912 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 913  914  915  916  917  918  919  920  921  922  923  924  925  926  927  928 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 929  930  931  932  933  934  935  936  937  938  939  940  941  942  943  944 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 945  946  947  948  949  950  951  952  953  954  955  956  957  958  959  960 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2 
 961  962  963  964  965  966  967  968  969  970  971  972  973  974  975  976 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 977  978  979  980  981  982  983  984  985  986  987  988  989  990  991  992 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
 993  994  995  996  997  998  999 1000 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    2    1    1    1    1    1 
1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135 1136 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    2    1    1    1    5    1    1 
1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 
   1    9    1    2    2    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 
   1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 
   9    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 
   1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240 1241 1242 1243 1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1265 1266 1267 1268 1269 1270 1271 1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279 1280 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1281 1282 1283 1284 1285 1286 1287 1288 1289 1290 1291 1292 1293 1294 1295 1296 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2 
1297 1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 
   1    1    1    2    1    2    1    1    1    2    2    2    1    1    1    1 
1313 1314 1315 1316 1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324 1325 1326 1327 1328 
   1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1 
1329 1330 1331 1332 1333 1334 1335 1336 1337 1338 1339 1340 1341 1342 1343 1344 
   1    1    1    1    3    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1345 1346 1347 1348 1349 1350 1351 1352 1353 1354 1355 1356 1357 1358 1359 1360 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    4    1    1    1    1    1    2    1 
1361 1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368 1369 1370 1371 1372 1373 1374 1375 1376 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1377 1378 1379 1380 1381 1382 1383 1384 1385 1386 1387 1388 1389 1390 1391 1392 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    9    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1393 1394 1395 1396 1397 1398 1399 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419 1420 1421 1422 1423 1424 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1425 1426 1427 1428 1429 1430 1431 1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1 
1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450 1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 1456 
   1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1457 1458 1459 1460 1461 1462 1463 1464 1465 1466 1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1 
1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487 1488 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    5    1    1    1    1    1 
1505 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1    1 
1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 
   1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    2    1    1    1    1    3 
1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 
   1    1    1    1    1    1    2    1    1 

Check how many locations have more than one point event

sum(multiplicity(childcare_ppp) > 1)
[1] 128

View locations of duplicated point events

tmap_mode('view')
tmap mode set to interactive viewing
tm_shape(childcare) +
  tm_dots(alpha=0.4, 
          size=0.05)
Always remember to switch back tmap_mode to plot
tmap_mode('plot')
tmap mode set to plotting

How to overcome duplicated points problem?

1) Deletion of duplicates: Some useful point events will be lost

2) Jittering: will add a small perturbation to the duplicated points so that they do not occupy the same exact space

3) Make each point “unique” and then attach duplicates of points to the patterns as marks, as attributes of the points. Would need analytical techniques that take into account these marks

Jittering approach

childcare_ppp_jit <- rjitter(childcare_ppp, 
                             retry=TRUE, 
                             nsim=1, 
                             drop=TRUE)

Check for any duplicated point in this geospatial data

any(duplicated(childcare_ppp_jit))
[1] FALSE

Creating owin object

Good practice to confine the analysis with a geographical area like Singapore boundary (when analysing spatial point patterns)

owin object of spatstat – specially designed to represent this polygonal region

sg_owin <- as(sg_sp, "owin")

display output object

plot(sg_owin)

summary() of base R

summary(sg_owin)
Window: polygonal boundary
60 separate polygons (no holes)
            vertices        area relative.area
polygon 1         38 1.56140e+04      2.09e-05
polygon 2        735 4.69093e+06      6.27e-03
polygon 3         49 1.66986e+04      2.23e-05
polygon 4         76 3.12332e+05      4.17e-04
polygon 5       5141 6.36179e+08      8.50e-01
polygon 6         42 5.58317e+04      7.46e-05
polygon 7         67 1.31354e+06      1.75e-03
polygon 8         15 4.46420e+03      5.96e-06
polygon 9         14 5.46674e+03      7.30e-06
polygon 10        37 5.26194e+03      7.03e-06
polygon 11        53 3.44003e+04      4.59e-05
polygon 12        74 5.82234e+04      7.78e-05
polygon 13        69 5.63134e+04      7.52e-05
polygon 14       143 1.45139e+05      1.94e-04
polygon 15       165 3.38736e+05      4.52e-04
polygon 16       130 9.40465e+04      1.26e-04
polygon 17        19 1.80977e+03      2.42e-06
polygon 18        16 2.01046e+03      2.69e-06
polygon 19        93 4.30642e+05      5.75e-04
polygon 20        90 4.15092e+05      5.54e-04
polygon 21       721 1.92795e+06      2.57e-03
polygon 22       330 1.11896e+06      1.49e-03
polygon 23       115 9.28394e+05      1.24e-03
polygon 24        37 1.01705e+04      1.36e-05
polygon 25        25 1.66227e+04      2.22e-05
polygon 26        10 2.14507e+03      2.86e-06
polygon 27       190 2.02489e+05      2.70e-04
polygon 28       175 9.25904e+05      1.24e-03
polygon 29      1993 9.99217e+06      1.33e-02
polygon 30        38 2.42492e+04      3.24e-05
polygon 31        24 6.35239e+03      8.48e-06
polygon 32        53 6.35791e+05      8.49e-04
polygon 33        41 1.60161e+04      2.14e-05
polygon 34        22 2.54368e+03      3.40e-06
polygon 35        30 1.08382e+04      1.45e-05
polygon 36       327 2.16921e+06      2.90e-03
polygon 37       111 6.62927e+05      8.85e-04
polygon 38        90 1.15991e+05      1.55e-04
polygon 39        98 6.26829e+04      8.37e-05
polygon 40       415 3.25384e+06      4.35e-03
polygon 41       222 1.51142e+06      2.02e-03
polygon 42       107 6.33039e+05      8.45e-04
polygon 43         7 2.48299e+03      3.32e-06
polygon 44        17 3.28303e+04      4.38e-05
polygon 45        26 8.34758e+03      1.11e-05
polygon 46       177 4.67446e+05      6.24e-04
polygon 47        16 3.19460e+03      4.27e-06
polygon 48        15 4.87296e+03      6.51e-06
polygon 49        66 1.61841e+04      2.16e-05
polygon 50       149 5.63430e+06      7.53e-03
polygon 51       609 2.62570e+07      3.51e-02
polygon 52         8 7.82256e+03      1.04e-05
polygon 53       976 2.33447e+07      3.12e-02
polygon 54        55 8.25379e+04      1.10e-04
polygon 55       976 2.33447e+07      3.12e-02
polygon 56        61 3.33449e+05      4.45e-04
polygon 57         6 1.68410e+04      2.25e-05
polygon 58         4 9.45963e+03      1.26e-05
polygon 59        46 6.99702e+05      9.35e-04
polygon 60        13 7.00873e+04      9.36e-05
enclosing rectangle: [2663.93, 56047.79] x [16357.98, 50244.03] units
                     (53380 x 33890 units)
Window area = 748741000 square units
Fraction of frame area: 0.414

Creating point events object and owin object

Extract childcare events that are located within Singapore

childcareSG_ppp = childcare_ppp[sg_owin]

Ouput object

summary(childcareSG_ppp)
Planar point pattern:  1545 points
Average intensity 2.063463e-06 points per square unit

*Pattern contains duplicated points*

Coordinates are given to 3 decimal places
i.e. rounded to the nearest multiple of 0.001 units

Window: polygonal boundary
60 separate polygons (no holes)
            vertices        area relative.area
polygon 1         38 1.56140e+04      2.09e-05
polygon 2        735 4.69093e+06      6.27e-03
polygon 3         49 1.66986e+04      2.23e-05
polygon 4         76 3.12332e+05      4.17e-04
polygon 5       5141 6.36179e+08      8.50e-01
polygon 6         42 5.58317e+04      7.46e-05
polygon 7         67 1.31354e+06      1.75e-03
polygon 8         15 4.46420e+03      5.96e-06
polygon 9         14 5.46674e+03      7.30e-06
polygon 10        37 5.26194e+03      7.03e-06
polygon 11        53 3.44003e+04      4.59e-05
polygon 12        74 5.82234e+04      7.78e-05
polygon 13        69 5.63134e+04      7.52e-05
polygon 14       143 1.45139e+05      1.94e-04
polygon 15       165 3.38736e+05      4.52e-04
polygon 16       130 9.40465e+04      1.26e-04
polygon 17        19 1.80977e+03      2.42e-06
polygon 18        16 2.01046e+03      2.69e-06
polygon 19        93 4.30642e+05      5.75e-04
polygon 20        90 4.15092e+05      5.54e-04
polygon 21       721 1.92795e+06      2.57e-03
polygon 22       330 1.11896e+06      1.49e-03
polygon 23       115 9.28394e+05      1.24e-03
polygon 24        37 1.01705e+04      1.36e-05
polygon 25        25 1.66227e+04      2.22e-05
polygon 26        10 2.14507e+03      2.86e-06
polygon 27       190 2.02489e+05      2.70e-04
polygon 28       175 9.25904e+05      1.24e-03
polygon 29      1993 9.99217e+06      1.33e-02
polygon 30        38 2.42492e+04      3.24e-05
polygon 31        24 6.35239e+03      8.48e-06
polygon 32        53 6.35791e+05      8.49e-04
polygon 33        41 1.60161e+04      2.14e-05
polygon 34        22 2.54368e+03      3.40e-06
polygon 35        30 1.08382e+04      1.45e-05
polygon 36       327 2.16921e+06      2.90e-03
polygon 37       111 6.62927e+05      8.85e-04
polygon 38        90 1.15991e+05      1.55e-04
polygon 39        98 6.26829e+04      8.37e-05
polygon 40       415 3.25384e+06      4.35e-03
polygon 41       222 1.51142e+06      2.02e-03
polygon 42       107 6.33039e+05      8.45e-04
polygon 43         7 2.48299e+03      3.32e-06
polygon 44        17 3.28303e+04      4.38e-05
polygon 45        26 8.34758e+03      1.11e-05
polygon 46       177 4.67446e+05      6.24e-04
polygon 47        16 3.19460e+03      4.27e-06
polygon 48        15 4.87296e+03      6.51e-06
polygon 49        66 1.61841e+04      2.16e-05
polygon 50       149 5.63430e+06      7.53e-03
polygon 51       609 2.62570e+07      3.51e-02
polygon 52         8 7.82256e+03      1.04e-05
polygon 53       976 2.33447e+07      3.12e-02
polygon 54        55 8.25379e+04      1.10e-04
polygon 55       976 2.33447e+07      3.12e-02
polygon 56        61 3.33449e+05      4.45e-04
polygon 57         6 1.68410e+04      2.25e-05
polygon 58         4 9.45963e+03      1.26e-05
polygon 59        46 6.99702e+05      9.35e-04
polygon 60        13 7.00873e+04      9.36e-05
enclosing rectangle: [2663.93, 56047.79] x [16357.98, 50244.03] units
                     (53380 x 33890 units)
Window area = 748741000 square units
Fraction of frame area: 0.414

Plot newly derived childcare_ppp

plot(childcareSG_ppp)

First-order Spatial Point Patterns Analysis

Kernel Density Estimation (KDE)

density() of spatstat:

kde_childcareSG_bw <- density(childcareSG_ppp,
                              sigma=bw.diggle,
                              edge=TRUE,
                            kernel="gaussian") 
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Plot KDE derived

plot(kde_childcareSG_bw)

Observation: Density values of output range from 0 to 0.000035 which is way too small to comprehend. This is because the default measurement f SVY21 is in meters. Hence, the density values computed is in “number of points per square meter”.

Can retrieve bandwidth used to compute the KDE layer by:

bw <- bw.diggle(childcareSG_ppp)
bw
   sigma 
298.4095 

Rescaling KDE values

rescale() to convert unit of measurement from meter to kilometer

childcareSG_ppp.km <- rescale(childcareSG_ppp, 1000, "km")

rerun density() using resale data set and plot output KDE map

kde_childcareSG.bw <- density(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma=bw.diggle, edge=TRUE, kernel="gaussian")
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)
plot(kde_childcareSG.bw)

Note: output image identical to previous output, only changes the data values in the legend

Working with different automatic bandwidth methods

Other than bw.diggle(), there are other spatstat functions that can be used to determine bandwidth such as bw.CvL(), bw.scott(), and bw.ppl().

bw.CvL(childcareSG_ppp.km)
   sigma 
4.543278 
bw.scott(childcareSG_ppp.km)
 sigma.x  sigma.y 
2.224898 1.450966 
bw.ppl(childcareSG_ppp.km)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)
    sigma 
0.3897114 
bw.diggle(childcareSG_ppp.km)
    sigma 
0.2984095 

Comparison of output between bw.diggle and bw.ppl

kde_childcareSG.ppl <- density(childcareSG_ppp.km, 
                               sigma=bw.ppl, 
                               edge=TRUE,
                               kernel="gaussian")
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)
par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(kde_childcareSG.bw, main = "bw.diggle")
plot(kde_childcareSG.ppl, main = "bw.ppl")

Working with different kernel methods

By default, kernel method used in density.ppp() is gaussian. Other methods: Epanechnikov, Quartic and Dics.

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(density(childcareSG_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.ppl, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"), 
     main="Gaussian")
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not
0 or 1)
plot(density(childcareSG_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.ppl, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="epanechnikov"), 
     main="Epanechnikov")
Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
Bandwidth selection will be based on Gaussian kernel

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)
plot(density(childcareSG_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.ppl, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="quartic"), 
     main="Quartic")
Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
Bandwidth selection will be based on Gaussian kernel

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 215 points (total score not 0 or 1)

Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
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plot(density(childcareSG_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.ppl, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="disc"), 
     main="Disc")
Warning in density.ppp(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma = bw.ppl, edge = TRUE, :
Bandwidth selection will be based on Gaussian kernel

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Fixed and Adaptive KDE

Computing KDE by using fixed bandwidth

Next, compute a KDE layer by defining a bandwidth of 600 meter.

Sigma value is 0.6 in the code below as the unit of measurement of childcareSG_ppp.km object is in kilometer, hence the 600m is 0.6km.

kde_childcareSG_600 <- density(childcareSG_ppp.km, sigma=0.6, edge=TRUE, kernel="gaussian")
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plot(kde_childcareSG_600)

Computing KDE by using adaptive bandwidth

Fixed bandwidth method is very sensitive to highly skew distribution of spatial point patterns over geographical units, eg. urban vs rural. To overcome this, use adaptive bandwidth.

density_adaptive() of spatstat (to derive adaptive kernel density estimation)

kde_childcareSG_adaptive <- adaptive.density(childcareSG_ppp.km, method="kernel")
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plot(kde_childcareSG_adaptive)

Compare the fixed and adaptive kernel density estimation outputs

par(mfrow=c(1,2))
plot(kde_childcareSG.bw, main = "Fixed bandwidth")
plot(kde_childcareSG_adaptive, main = "Adaptive bandwidth")

Converting KDE output into grid object

Result same, but convert it so that it is suitable for mapping purposes

gridded_kde_childcareSG_bw <- as.SpatialGridDataFrame.im(kde_childcareSG.bw)
spplot(gridded_kde_childcareSG_bw)

Converting gridded output into raster

raster() of raster package (to convert gridded density objects into RasterLayer object)

kde_childcareSG_bw_raster <- raster(gridded_kde_childcareSG_bw)

Properties of kde_childcareSG_bw_raster RasterLayer

kde_childcareSG_bw_raster
class      : RasterLayer 
dimensions : 128, 128, 16384  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
resolution : 0.4170614, 0.2647348  (x, y)
extent     : 2.663926, 56.04779, 16.35798, 50.24403  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs        : NA 
source     : memory
names      : v 
values     : -8.476185e-15, 28.51831  (min, max)

Note: crs property is NA

Assigning projection systems

Code chunk to include CRS infotrmation on kde_childcareSG_bw_raster RasterLayer

projection(kde_childcareSG_bw_raster) <- CRS("+init=EPSG:3414")
kde_childcareSG_bw_raster
class      : RasterLayer 
dimensions : 128, 128, 16384  (nrow, ncol, ncell)
resolution : 0.4170614, 0.2647348  (x, y)
extent     : 2.663926, 56.04779, 16.35798, 50.24403  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
crs        : +proj=tmerc +lat_0=1.36666666666667 +lon_0=103.833333333333 +k=1 +x_0=28001.642 +y_0=38744.572 +ellps=WGS84 +units=m +no_defs 
source     : memory
names      : v 
values     : -8.476185e-15, 28.51831  (min, max)

Note: crs property is completed.

Visualising output in tmap

Firstly,

tmap package to display raster in cartographic quality map

tm_shape(kde_childcareSG_bw_raster) + 
  tm_raster("v") +
  tm_layout(legend.position = c("right", "bottom"), frame = FALSE)
Variable(s) "v" contains positive and negative values, so midpoint is set to 0. Set midpoint = NA to show the full spectrum of the color palette.

Notice raster values are encoded explicitly onto the raster pixel using the values in the “v” field.

Comparing Spatial Point Patterns using KDE

Learn how to compare KDE of childcare at Punggol, Tampines, Chua Chu Kang and Jurong West planning areas.

Extracting study area

Extract target planning areas

pg = mpsz[mpsz@data$PLN_AREA_N == "PUNGGOL",]
tm = mpsz[mpsz@data$PLN_AREA_N == "TAMPINES",]
ck = mpsz[mpsz@data$PLN_AREA_N == "CHOA CHU KANG",]
jw = mpsz[mpsz@data$PLN_AREA_N == "JURONG WEST",]

Plot target planning areas

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(pg, main = "Ponggol")
plot(tm, main = "Tampines")
plot(ck, main = "Choa Chu Kang")
plot(jw, main = "Jurong West")

Converting the spatial point data frame into generic sp format

Convert SpatialPolygonsDataFrame layers into generic spatialpolygon layers

pg_sp = as(pg, "SpatialPolygons")
tm_sp = as(tm, "SpatialPolygons")
ck_sp = as(ck, "SpatialPolygons")
jw_sp = as(jw, "SpatialPolygons")

Creating owin object

Convert SpatialPolygons objects into owin objects that is required by spatstat

pg_owin = as(pg_sp, "owin")
tm_owin = as(tm_sp, "owin")
ck_owin = as(ck_sp, "owin")
jw_owin = as(jw_sp, "owin")

Combine childcare points and study area

Able to extract code childcare that is within the specific region to do our analysis later on

childcare_pg_ppp = childcare_ppp_jit[pg_owin]
childcare_tm_ppp = childcare_ppp_jit[tm_owin]
childcare_ck_ppp = childcare_ppp_jit[ck_owin]
childcare_jw_ppp = childcare_ppp_jit[jw_owin]

rescale() used to transform the unit of measurement from metre to kilometre

childcare_pg_ppp.km = rescale(childcare_pg_ppp, 1000, "km")
childcare_tm_ppp.km = rescale(childcare_tm_ppp, 1000, "km")
childcare_ck_ppp.km = rescale(childcare_ck_ppp, 1000, "km")
childcare_jw_ppp.km = rescale(childcare_jw_ppp, 1000, "km")

Plot study areas and locations of childcare centres

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(childcare_pg_ppp.km, main="Punggol")
plot(childcare_tm_ppp.km, main="Tampines")
plot(childcare_ck_ppp.km, main="Choa Chu Kang")
plot(childcare_jw_ppp.km, main="Jurong West")

Computing KDE

bw.diggle() used to derive bandwidth of each planning area

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(density(childcare_pg_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.diggle, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Punggol")
plot(density(childcare_tm_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.diggle, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Tempines")
plot(density(childcare_ck_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.diggle, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Choa Chu Kang")
plot(density(childcare_jw_ppp.km, 
             sigma=bw.diggle, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="JUrong West")

Computing fixed bandwidth KDE

For comparison, we will use 250m as the bandwidth.

par(mfrow=c(2,2))
plot(density(childcare_ck_ppp.km, 
             sigma=0.25, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Chou Chu Kang")
plot(density(childcare_jw_ppp.km, 
             sigma=0.25, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="JUrong West")
plot(density(childcare_pg_ppp.km, 
             sigma=0.25, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Punggol")
plot(density(childcare_tm_ppp.km, 
             sigma=0.25, 
             edge=TRUE, 
             kernel="gaussian"),
     main="Tampines")

Nearest Neighbour Analysis

clarkevans.test of spatstat (to test aggregation for a spatial point pattern)

Test hypotheses:

H0 = Childcare centre distribution are randomly distributed

H1 = Childcare centre distribution are not randomly distributed

The 95% confidence interval will be used.

Testing spatial point patterns using Clarks and Evans Test

clarkevans.test(childcareSG_ppp,
                correction="none",
                clipregion="sg_owin",
                alternative=c("clustered"),
                nsim=99)
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Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 8 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 26 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 45 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 11 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 14 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 27 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 11 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 31 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 31 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 14 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 29 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 30 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 14 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 14 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 30 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 27 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 27 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 29 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 28 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 27 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 13 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 10 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 14 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 26 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 27 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 12 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 28 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 15 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 28 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 12 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 31 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 17 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 18 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 25 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 19 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 22 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 16 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 23 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 24 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)

Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 21 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 28 points (total score not 0
or 1)
Warning: point-in-polygon test had difficulty with 20 points (total score not 0
or 1)

    Clark-Evans test
    No edge correction
    Monte Carlo test based on 99 simulations of CSR with fixed n

data:  childcareSG_ppp
R = 0.54756, p-value = 0.01
alternative hypothesis: clustered (R < 1)

Clarks and Evans Test: Choa Chu Kang planning area

clarkevans.test(childcare_ck_ppp,
                correction="none",
                clipregion=NULL,
                alternative=c("two.sided"),
                nsim=999)

    Clark-Evans test
    No edge correction
    Monte Carlo test based on 999 simulations of CSR with fixed n

data:  childcare_ck_ppp
R = 0.91039, p-value = 0.046
alternative hypothesis: two-sided

Clarks and Evans Test: Tampines planning area

clarkevans.test(childcare_tm_ppp,
                correction="none",
                clipregion=NULL,
                alternative=c("two.sided"),
                nsim=999)

    Clark-Evans test
    No edge correction
    Monte Carlo test based on 999 simulations of CSR with fixed n

data:  childcare_tm_ppp
R = 0.8178, p-value = 0.002
alternative hypothesis: two-sided